The Big Idea: Pay attention to the timing of events, decisions, and actions.

PART ONE: THE DAY

CH 1. THE HIDDEN PATTERN OF EVERYDAY LIFE

• According to studies of Twitter, mood increases in the morning until about 11am, plummets after lunch, and then increases again in the evening.
• Quarterly earnings calls in the morning tend to be more upbeat and positive than in the afternoon.
• People are sharper and more vigilant earlier in the morning.
• Verdicts rendered later in the day are more likely to be guilty.
• Analytical tasks are best performed in the morning.
• Students scored higher in the mornings than in the afternoons.
• Having math in the first two periods of the school day instead of the last two periods increases the math GPA of students.
• Innovation and creativity require less vigilance and fewer inhibitions and are optimal later in the day.
• Some of us are night owls; others of us are morning larks. Most people are somewhere in the middle.
• For Benjamin Franklin, early to bed and early to rise makes a person healthy, wealthy, and wise.
• Figure out your type, understand your task, and then select the appropriate time.

CH 2. AFTERNOONS AND COFFEE SPOONS

• Afternoons are the Bermuda Triangles of our days.
• Adverse events in medicine were significantly more frequent for cases starting during the 3pm and 4pm hours.
• The typical worker reaches the most unproductive moment of the day at 2:55pm.
• Vigilance breaks can loosen the trough’s grip on our behavior.
• A laminated checklist card can also increase afternoon vigilance.
• If there were a break after every hour, test scores would actually improve over the course of the day.
• Short breaks from a task can prevent habituation, help us maintain focus, and reactivate our commitment to a goal.
• Moving breaks beat stationary breaks.
• Social breaks beat solo breaks.
• Outdoor breaks beat indoor breaks.
• Fully detached breaks beat semidetached breaks (no email.)
• Lunch breaks have two key ingredients — autonomy and detachment.
• Naps can be a shrewd response to the trough and a valuable break. The ideal naps are between ten and twenty minutes. Drink coffee before you nap.
• Meditation is one of the most effective breaks of all.
• Most expert musicians and athletes begin practicing in earnest around nine o’clock in the morning, hit their peak during the late morning, break in the afternoon, and then practice for a few more hours in the evening.

PART TWO. BEGINNINGS, ENDINGS, AND IN BETWEEN

CH 3. BEGINNINGS

• Beginnings have an outsized effect on success.
• For teenagers, beginning the school day before 8:30 am can impair their health and hobble their grades.
• Beginning a career in a weak economy can restrict opportunities and reduce earning power well into adulthood.
• Thinking slow (Daniel Kahneman) is more likely during a fresh start. Fresh starts tend to happen on Jan 1, 1st day of each month, and on Mondays.
• Avoid a false start with a premortem. Assume it’s eighteen months from now and our project is a complete disaster. Ask yourself “What went wrong?”
• If you’re interviewing for a job and you’re up against several strong candidates, you might gain an edge from being first.
• If you are the default choice, don’t go first.
• If there are many weak competitors, don’t go first.
• If you’re operating in an uncertain environment, don’t go first.
• When should you get married? Wait until you’re old enough, but not too old. Wait until you’ve completed your education. Wait until your relationship matures .

CH 4. MIDPOINTS

• Midpoints can bring us down. That’s the slump. But they can also fire us up. That’s the spark.
• At midpoints we tend to cut corners.
• Success doesn’t usually progress steadily. At the midpoint of a project, members feel a sense of urgency and pick up the pace.
• Teams that were behind by just one point at half were more likely to win than teams ahead by one point.
• First, be aware of midpoints. Don’t let them remain invisible. Second, use them to wake up rather than roll over. Third, at the midpoint, imagine that you’re behind — but only by a little.
• Set interim goals. Publicly commit to those interim goals.
• Organize your next project with the form-storm-perform method.
• Phase 1: Form and Storm. When teams first come together, develop a shared vision, establish group values, and generate ideas.
• Phase 2: The Midpoint. Use the midpoint to set direction and accelerate the pace.
• Phase 3: Perform. Work together with minimal friction.

CH 5. ENDINGS

• First-time marathon participation declines in the early 40s but spikes dramatically at age 49.
• When we near the end, we kick a little harder. Set a hard deadline (except for creative tasks.)
• The James Dean Effect: a life that is short but intensely exciting is seen as most positive than a long, pleasant life that declines towards the end.
• Peak-end rule: we remember an event based on it most intense moment (peak) and how it culminates (end.)
• A shorter colonoscopy in which the final moments are painful is remembered as being worse than a longer colonoscopy that happens to end less unpleasantly.
• Give bad news first, good news last.
• Participants who knew they were eating the final chocolate of a taste test enjoyed it more.
• In the end, we seek meaning. Meaningful endings mix happiness and sadness into poignancy, which delivers significance. Eg. Pixar endings.
• Last lines can elevate and encode — by encapsulating a theme, resolving a question, leaving the story lingering in the reader’s head.
• Jobs that are demanding but don’t offer autonomy burn us out. Jobs that offer autonomy but little challenge bore us.
• If your boss has your back, takes responsibility instead of blaming others, encourages your efforts but also gets out of your way, and displays a sense of humor rather than a raging temper, you’re probably in a good place.
• The high season for divorce attorneys is January and February, when the holidays are over and people can finally stop pretending to be happy. The same thing happens at the end of the school year.
• Reserve the final five minutes of work for a few small deliberate actions that bring the day to a fulfilling close. End the day by recording what you’ve achieved can encode the entire day more positively.
• Gratitude is a powerful restorative.
• At the end of the year, have seniors write a letter to themselves — mailed to them five years later.
• Take students to a small restaurant where they offer toasts to one another.
• How a vacation ends shapes the stories we later tell about the experience.

PART THREE. SYNCHING AND THINKING

CH 6. SYNCHING FAST AND SLOW

• Each day dabbawalas deliver more than 200,000 lunches to workers in Mumbai.
• There are three principles of group timing. An external standard sets the pace. A sense of belonging helps individuals cohere. And synchronization both requires and heightens well-being.
• Group timing requires a boss. Groups generally attune to the pacing preferences of their highest-status members.
• For the dabbawalas, the railway schedule is the boss.
• The belongingness hypothesis is that a need to belong is a fundamental human motivation.
• For group coordination, it comes in three forms: codes, garb, and touch.
• Profit-sharing model pays each dabbawala in equal shares.
• Clothing operates as a marker of affiliation and identification and enables coordination.
• Feeling good promotes social cohesion, which makes it easier to synchronize. Synchronizing with others feels good, which deepens attachment and improves synchronization further still.
• Tell stories of struggle, failure and vulnerability to foster a sense of belongingness.
• Nurture self-organized group rituals, which help fuse identity and deepen belongingness.

CH 7. THINKING IN TENSES; A FEW FINAL WORDS

• Understand the natural waves of the day.
• Lunch breaks, naps, and walks are not luxuries. They are necessities.
• Don’t just push through bad starts. Start again or start together.
• Midpoints matter. Leverage them.
• Understand the power of endings. Don’t just make them positive. Make them poignancy and meaning.

The Big Idea: The most consistently successful people invest their energy into building a set of good habits.

• People who consistently seem to excel share one key thing: they are better at building and sustaining new habits.
• Those who build habits are like people who live below their means, slowly building up an impressive balance in their bank account.
• If you never build habits you must always rely on available willpower to do anything.
• Invest your precious willpower in building good habits, which become easier and easier over time.
• Consistency Is everything. It’s better to maintain a modest life-long habit than to start an extreme habit that can’t be sustained for a single year.
• Absolutely never skip a habit twice. Missing two days of a habit is habit suicide.
• Focus on the process and consistency, not on the results. Create a good plan and then stick to the plan. 
• The right habit to tackle is one that you care about.
• Sometimes building small habits can build momentum that gives people the strength and motivation to tackle the larger ones.
• Successful people had a set of habits that led them to the top of their fields. They systematically rewire their habits to orient themselves for success.
• You can do just about anything if you break it down into habits and execute on them.
• If you are not going to follow through with a habit, it is better to never start it at all.
• When creating a new habit, start small, become consistent, and increase the intensity at a manageable pace.
• Daily habits are magical. It’s easier to be consistent, if you say that you’re going to do something every single day.
• Don’t waste energy building a habit that can be somehow automated instead.  Automation > habits.
• For habits that are very long term or very difficult, you can ask a friend to help you be accountable.
• How to develop good eating habits? The best strategy is to plan every one of your meals in advance.
• How to develop healthy sleep habits? Create a schedule where you can sleep as long as you want to and wake up without an alarm clock. Buy a sleep mask, buy ear plugs, avoid blue light and sleep at around 65 degrees.
• Other good habits to develop: daily exercise, staying on top of email, having an organized calendar, being punctual, culling your contact list, and journaling. 

The Big Idea: great companies are built by consistent execution of a strategy with built-in positive feedback loops — like turning a giant flywheel over and over, building momentum with each turn.

• When building a great company, there’s no single defining action, no grand program, no single killer innovation, no solitary lucky break, and no miracle moment.
• Building a great company is like turning a giant, heavy flywheel.
• The flywheel is a series of good decisions, supremely well-executed, that compound one upon another.
• Eg. Amazon, low prices => more customers/vendors => economies of scale => lower prices.
• Companies caught in the doom loop do the following: react to disappointing results without discipline => grasp for a new leader/strategy/product to save the => experience more disappointment.
• The greatest danger in business and life lies not in outright failure but in achieving success without understanding why you were successful in the first place.
• Leaders are often seduced by an endless search for the Next Big Thing.
• There is no systematic correlation between achieving the highest levels of performance and being first into the game. Amazon and Intel started life in the wake of pioneers that preceded them. 
• What truly set the big winners apart was their ability to turn initial success into a sustained flywheel.
• Fire bullets, then cannonballs. Big successes tended to make big bets after they’d empirically validated ideas. 
• Two ways the Mighty Fall: 1) Hubris Born of Success, 2) Undisciplined Pursuit of More.
• The big winners are those who take the same flywheel from ten turns to a billion turns rather than inventing new flywheels.

Examples

Appendix: The Good-to-Great Framework

1. Stage 1: Disciplined People
1.1. Level 5 Leaders. Leaders show personal humility and indomitable will.
1.2. First Who, Then What. First get the right people on the bus (and the wrong people off the bus). Then figure out where to drive the bus.

2. Stage 2: Disciplined Thought
2.1. Genius of the AND. Reject the Tyranny of the OR. Find a way around the tradeoff. Eg. Think long-term, think creatively, be different. 
2.2. Confront the Brutal Facts. (The Stockdale Paradox.) Retain absolute faith that you can and will prevail in the end, regardless of the difficulties, and at the same time, exercise the discipline to confront the most brutal facts of your current reality.
2.3. The Hedgehog Concept. Live at the intersection of the following three circles: 1) what you’re deeply passionate about, 2) what you can be the best in the world at, and 3) what drives your economic or resource engine.

3. Stage 3: Disciplined Action
3.1. The Flywheel: Relentlessly push a giant, heavy flywheel, turn upon turn, building momentum.
3.2. 20 Mile March. Develop relentless consistency. Twenty miles a day, every day.

4. Stage 4: Build to Last
4.1. Build a clock, don’t tell time.
4.2. Preserve the core, but stimulate progress.
4.3. Be prepared to take advantage of good luck and absorb bad luck.

I. Cascades

• The earth has experienced five mass extinctions before the one we are living through now.
• In fact, all but the one that killed the dinosaurs involved climate change produced by greenhouse gas.
• We have done as much damage to the fate of the planet and its ability to sustain human life and civilization since Al Gore published his first book on climate than in all the centuries — all the millennia — that came before.
• I also always accepted the proposition that there was a trade – off between economic growth and cost to nature and figured, well, in most cases I’d probably go for growth.
• The U.N . projections are bleaker: 200 million climate refugees by 2050.
• The Kyoto Protocol achieved, practically, nothing.
• With no single industrial nation on track to meet its Paris commitments, two degrees looks more like a best – case outcome.
• We are likely to get about 3.2 degrees of warming.
• Some studying global warming call the hundred years to follow the “ century of hell . ”
• At two degrees, the ice sheets will begin their collapse, 400 million more people will suffer from water scarcity, major cities in the equatorial band of the planet will become unlivable, and even in the northern latitudes heat waves will kill thousands each summer.
• At three degrees, southern Europe would be in permanent drought, and the average drought in Central America would last nineteen months longer and in the Caribbean twenty – one months longer. In northern Africa, the figure is sixty months longer — five years. The areas burned each year by wildfires would double in the Mediterranean and sextuple, or more, in the United States.
• By 2100, the United Nations says, we are due for about 4.5 degrees of warming, following the path we are on today.
• In the late summer of 2017, three major hurricanes arose in the Atlantic at once.
• Over the past few decades, the term “ Anthropocene ” has climbed out of academic discourse and into the popular imagination.
• Wally Broecker, the avuncular oceanographer, calls the planet an “ angry beast . ” You could also go with “ war machine . ” Each day we arm it more.
• A warming planet leads to melting Arctic ice, which means less sunlight reflected back to the sun and more absorbed by a planet warming faster still, which means an ocean less able to absorb atmospheric carbon and so a planet warming faster still. 
• A warming planet will also melt Arctic permafrost, which contains 1.8 trillion tons of carbon, more than twice as much as is currently suspended in the earth’s atmosphere, and some of which, when it thaws and is released, may evaporate as methane, which is thirty – four times as powerful a greenhouse – gas warming blanket as carbon dioxide when judged on the timescale of a century; when judged on the timescale of two decades, it is eighty – six times as powerful. 
• A hotter planet is, on net, bad for plant life, which means what is called “ forest dieback ” — the decline and retreat of jungle basins as big as countries and woods that sprawl for so many miles they used to contain whole folklores — which means a dramatic stripping – back of the planet’s natural ability to absorb carbon and turn it into oxygen, which means still hotter temperatures, which means more dieback, and so on. 
• Higher temperatures means more forest fires means fewer trees means less carbon absorption, means more carbon in the atmosphere, means a hotter planet still — and so on. 
• A warmer planet means more water vapor in the atmosphere, and, water vapor being a greenhouse gas, this brings higher temperatures still — and so on. 
• Warmer oceans can absorb less heat, which means more stays in the air, and contain less oxygen, which is doom for phytoplankton — which does for the ocean what plants do on land, eating carbon and producing oxygen — which leaves us with more carbon, which heats the planet further. And so on.
• 50,000 people killed by avalanches globally between 2004 and 2016.
• In the coming decades many of the most punishing climate horrors will indeed hit those least able to respond and recover.
• Just in Texas, 500,000 poor Latinos live in shantytowns called “ colonias ” with no drainage systems to deal with increased flooding.
• The poorest countries will suffer more in our hot new world.
• In just the last forty years, according to the World Wildlife Fund, more than half of the world’s vertebrate animals have died.
• Andreas Malm calls fossil capitalism.
• That has been the work of a single generation. 
• The second generation faces a very different task: the project of preserving our collective future, forestalling that devastation and engineering an alternate path.
• Now we all share the responsibility to write the next act.
• We may conjure new solutions, which could bring the planet closer to a state we would today regard as merely grim, rather than apocalyptic.
• I’ve also often been asked whether it’s moral to reproduce in this climate, whether it’s responsible to have children, whether it is fair to the planet or, perhaps more important, to the children.
• The project of unplugging the entire industrial world from fossil fuels is intimidating, and must be done in fairly short order — by 2040, many scientists say.
• Inefficiencies in construction, discarded and unused food, electronics, and clothing; two – thirds of American energy is wasted.
• Americans waste a quarter of their food.
• Bitcoin; today mining it consumes more electricity than is generated by all the world’s solar panels combined.
• Seventy percent of the energy produced by the planet, it’s estimated, is lost as waste heat.
• Less beef, more Teslas, fewer transatlantic flights.

II. Elements of Chaos

Heat Death

• Air conditioners and fans already account for fully 10 percent of global electricity consumption.
• The evacuation of American leadership on climate seems to have mobilized China, which already has the world’s largest footprint.
• Staying below 2 degrees probably requires not just carbon scale – back but what are called “negative emissions” aka “magical thinking.”
• The fattest part of the bell curve of probability, sits at about 3 degrees.
• Cities, where the world will overwhelmingly live in the near future, only magnify the problem of high temperature.
• The world is rapidly urbanizing.
• Currently, there are 354 major cities with average maximum summertime temperatures of 95 degrees. By 2050, that list could grow to 970.
• Heat stroke.

Hunger

• For every degree of warming, yields decline by 10 percent.
• Grain accounts for about 40 percent of the human diet; when you add soybeans and corn, you get up to two-thirds of all human calories.
• At higher concentrations of carbon, plants grow thicker leaves, which are worse at absorbing CO2.
• Climate change means staple crops are doing battle with more insects, fungus and disease, not to mention flooding.
• The world’s natural wheat belt is moving poleward by about 160 miles each decade.
• Remote areas of Canada and Russia, even if they warmed by a few degrees, would be limited by the quality of soil there, since it takes many centuries for the planet to produce optimally fertile dirt.
• The climate is changing much too fast to wait for the northern soil to catch up.
• In the United States, the rate of erosion is ten times as high as the natural replenishment rate; in China and India, it is thirty to forty times as fast.
• The Saharan desert has expanded by 10 percent.
• Paul Ehrlich wrote The Population Bomb. It may yet be a bit early to judge Ehrlich.
• The cruelest impacts of climate change will be borne by those least resilient in the face of climate tragedy.
• Our global climate fate will be shaped so overwhelmingly by the development patterns of China and India.
• They will need to turn down cheap electrification, automobile culture, and the protein – heavy diets the world’s wealthy rely on to stay thin.
• William Vollmann’s grand, two – part Carbon Ideologies, “We all lived for money, and that is what we died for. ”
• Drought may be an even bigger problem for food production than heat.
• At 2.5 degrees, thanks mostly to drought, the world could enter a global food deficit — needing more calories than the planet can produce.
• Unprecedented droughts and unprecedented flood – producing rains.
• Europe will be in permanent extreme drought, much worse than the American Dust Bowl ever was.
• Droughts in the American plains and Southwest would not just be worse than in the 1930s, a 2015 NASA study predicte , but worse than any droughts in a thousand years.
• Africa is today straining to feed about 1 billion people.
• In the United States , you already hear about the prospects for vertical farming and lab-grown protein. 
• CO2 can make plants bigger, but those bigger plants are less nutritious.
• Protein deficiency will be the result of nutrient collapse due to carbon concentrations. 

Drowning

• Barring a reduction of emissions, we could see at least four feet of sea – level rise and possibly eight by the end of the century.
• In The Water Will Come, Jeff Goodell writes about this. 
• By 2100, if we do not halt emissions, as much as 5 percent of the world’s population will be flooded every single year.
• Much of the infrastructure of the internet could be drowned by sea – level rise in less than two decades.
• 311,000 homes in the United States would be at risk of chronic inundation by 2045.
• The planet would lose about 444,000 square miles of land.
• Twenty cities most affected by such sea – level rise are all Asian megalopolises.
• Power plants, ports, navy bases, farmlands, fisheries, river deltas, marshlands, and rice paddies.
• Even river flooding is a danger due to increased global rainfall.
• In 2017, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration ( NOAA ) suggested eight feet was possible — still just in this century.
• In 2016, climate scientist James Hansen suggested sea levels could rise by several meters over 50 years if ice melt doubled every decade.
• The breaking – up of ice represents almost an entirely new physics, poorly understood still.
• One major concern is methane, released by a melting Arctic.
• Atmospheric methane levels have risen dramatically in recent years.
• The permafrost line having retreated eighty miles north in Canada over the last fifty years.
• The “ albedo effect ” is when ice is white and so reflects sunlight back into space rather than absorbing it. The less ice, the more sunlight is absorbed as global warming. The total disappearance of that ice, Peter Wadhams has estimated, could mean a massive warming equivalent to the entire last twenty – five years of global carbon emissions.
• Ocean chemist David Archer says that at just three degrees of warming, sea – level rise will be at least fifty meters.
• In many places , the coast would retreat by as much as one hundred miles.
• More than 600 million people live within thirty feet of sea level today .

Wildfire

• Five of the twenty worst fires in California history hit the state in the fall of 2017.
• These fires, which now occupy the nightmares of every Californian, will be thought of as the “old normal.”
• Americans watched the Kardashians evacuate via Instagram stories, then read about the private firefighting forces they employed, the rest of the state reliant on conscripted convicts earning as little as a dollar a day.
• United States has, to this point, been mostly protected from the devastation climate change.
• What is coming ? Much more fire, much more often, burning much more land.
• For every additional degree of global warming , areas burned could quadruple.
• The soot and ash wildfires give off can land on and blacken ice sheets, which then absorb more of the sun’s rays and melt more quickly.
• Mudslides are among the clearest illustrations of what new horrors that heralds.
• Each year, globally, between 260,000 and 600,000 people die from smoke from wildfires.
• Drinking water in Colorado was damaged for years by the fallout from a single wildfire in 2002.
• When trees die — by natural processes, by fire, at the hands of humans — they release into the atmosphere the carbon stored within them.
• The trees of the Amazon take in a quarter of all the carbon absorbed by the planet’s forests each year.
• Jair Bolsonaro was elected president of Brazil promising to open the rain forest to development — Bolsonaro’s policy is the equivalent of adding, if just for a year, a whole second China to the planet’s fossil fuel problem — and, on top of that, a whole second United States.
• Deforestation accounts for about 12 percent of carbon emissions, and forest fires produce as much as 25 percent. .
• Every square kilometer of deforestation produces twenty-seven additional cases of malaria, thanks to what is called “vector proliferation” — when the trees are cleared out, the bugs move in.
• Each climate threat promises to trigger similarly brutal cycles.

Disasters No Longer Natural

• We’ll have to invent new categories for stronger hurricanes.
• The summer of 2017, in the Northern Hemisphere, brought unprecedented extreme weather.
• Glacier National Park in Montana, where temperatures also topped 100. In 1850, the area had 150 glaciers; today, all but 26 are melted.
• Once-unthinkable outlier events much more common.
• The link between climate change and deluges or even “rain bombs” — is even clearer than those on hurricanes. Warmer air can hold more moisture than cooler air.
• Trump barely mentioned Puerto Rico in the week after Maria, and while that may not surprise, neither did the Sunday talk shows.
• We’re getting some intimations of how the ruling class intends to handle the accumulating disasters
• With Houston and New Orleans, we tell ourselves we are “developing” the land — in some cases, fabricating it from marsh, but we are really just creating more future natural disasters. 
• Because of Hurricane Harvey nearly half a billion gallons of industrial wastewater surged out of a single petrochemical plant into Galveston Bay.
• Louisiana loses a football field of land every single hour.

Freshwater Drain

• Barely more than 2 percent of the planet’s water is fresh, and only 1 percent of that water, at most, is accessible, with the rest trapped mostly in glaciers.
• Only 0.007 percent of the planet’s water is available to fuel and feed its seven billion people.
• In many African countries already, you are expected to get by on as little as twenty liters of water each day.
• As soon as 2030, global water demand is expected to outstrip supply by 40 percent.
• Water is still an abundant resource made scarce through governmental neglect and indifference, bad infrastructure and contamination, careless urbanization and development.
• There is no real need for a water crisis.
• In the United States, leaks and theft account for an estimated loss of 16 percent of freshwater.
• 2.1 billion people around the world do not have access to safe drinking water.
• There could be widespread water shortages in Peru and California that are the result of glacier melt, even if we hit our Paris targets. 
• Even London is beginning to worry over water shortages.
• In the last 100 years, many of the planet’s largest lakes have begun drying up.
• The blooming of warmwater-friendly bacteria threatens the water supply.
• Warming of East Africa’s Lake Tanganyika imperiled the fish stock harvested and eaten by millions in four adjacent, hungry nations.
• We drain underground water deposits known as aquifers, but those deposits took millions of years to accumulate and aren’t coming back anytime soon.
• The Ogallala Aquifer in part of the Texas Panhandle lost 15 feet in a decade.
• In India, in just the next two years, twenty-one cities could exhaust their groundwater supply.
• The first Day Zero in Cape Town was in March 2018.
• It gets worse. Personal consumption of freshwater amounts to such a thin sliver that only in the most extreme droughts can it even make a difference.
• Staggering amounts of water are needed produce South Africa’s wine crop.
• In California, where droughts are punctuated by outrage over pools and ever-green lawns, total urban consumption still accounts for only 10 percent.
• Rice and cotton production in Southern Australia fell 99 and 84 percent in a recent eight-year drought.
• In 2018, in the Indian city of Shimla, once the summertime home of the British Raj, the taps ran dry for weeks in May and June.
• While agriculture is hit hardest by shortages, water issues are not exclusively rural.
• We are more aware of the effects of climate change on oceans, but a freshwater crisis is more alarming, since we depend on it far more acutely.
• Over the next three decades, water demand from the global food system is expected to increase by about 50 percent, from cities and industry by 50 to 70 percent, and from energy by 85 percent.
• The five-year Syrian drought that stretched from 2006 to 2011, producing crop failures that created political instability and helped usher in the civil war that produced a global refugee crisis.

Dying Oceans

• Oceans also maintain our planetary seasons, through prehistoric currents like the Gulf Stream, and modulate the temperature of the planet, absorbing much of the heat of the sun.
• Fish populations have migrated north by hundreds of miles in search of colder waters.
• More than a fourth of the carbon emitted by humans is sucked up by the oceans.
• The result of all that carbon dioxide absorption is what’s called “ocean acidification.”
• Ocean acidification could add between a quarter and half of a degree of warming.
• “Coral bleaching” — since 2016, half of Australia’s landmark Great Barrier Reef has been stripped.
• By 2030 ocean warming and acidification will threaten 90 percent of all reefs.
• Ocean acidification will also damage fish populations directly.
• Oysters and mussels will struggle to grow their shells.
• Off the coasts of Australia, fish populations have declined an estimated 32 percent in just ten years.
• Warmer waters can carry less oxygen.
• Runoff of fertilizer chemicals washing into the Mississippi from the industrial farms of the Midwest.
• Dramatic declines in ocean oxygen have played a role in many of the planet’s worst mass extinctions.

Unbreathable Air

• With CO2 at 930 parts per million (more than double where we are today), cognitive ability declines by 21 percent.
• The planet’s air won’t just be warmer, it will likely also be dirtier.
• Climate change will bring new dust storms and ozone smog.
• Already, more than 10,000 people die from air pollution daily.
• Small-particulate pollution, for instance, lowers cognitive performance.
• Pollution has been linked with increased mental illness in children and the likelihood of dementia in adults.
• Pollution is linked to premature births and low birth weight of babies. EZPass in American cities reduced both problems, in the vicinity of toll plazas, by 10.8 percent and 11.8 percent.
• Changing weather patterns will deprive industrial China of the natural wind-ventilation patterns. In 2013, smog was responsible for 1.37 million deaths in the country.
• The Indian capital of Delhi is home to 26 million people. In 2017, simply breathing its air was the equivalent of smoking more than two packs of cigarettes a day.
• Pollution can dramatically increase rates of respiratory infections.
• Pollution increases prevalence of stroke, heart disease, cancer of all kinds, acute and chronic respiratory diseases like asthma.
• Air pollution has been linked to worse memory, attention, and vocabulary, and to ADHD and autism spectrum disorders.
• Proximity to a coal plant can deform your DNA.
• A new pollution threat, though unrelated to global warming: microplastics.
• The Great Pacific garbage patch is mass of plastic, twice the size of Texas. 
• A quarter of fish sold in Indonesia and California contain plastics.
• European eaters of shellfish , one estimate has suggested , consume at least 11,000 bits each year .
• A majority of fish tested in the Great Lakes contained microplastics.
• Microplastics have been found in beer, honey, and sixteen of seventeen tested brands of commercial sea salt, across eight different countries.
• We can breathe in microplastics, even when indoors, where they’ve been detected suspended in the air, and do already drink them. They are found in the tap water of 94 percent of all tested American cities.
• When plastics degrade, they release methane and ethylene, another powerful greenhouse gas.
• Perversely, eliminate aerosol plastic pollution and you save millions of lives each year, but also create a dramatic spike in warming.
• The prospect of suppressing global temperature with a program of suspended particles (sulfur dioxide) is called geoengineering. Sulfur dioxide would turn our sunsets very red, would bleach the sky, and would make more acid rain.
• Many scientists still describe geoengineering as an inevitability — it’s just so cheap , they say.

Plagues of Warming

• There are now, trapped in Arctic ice, diseases that have not circulated in the air for millions of years.
• Our immune systems would have no idea how to fight back when those prehistoric plagues emerge.
• Smallpox and the bubonic plague are trapped in Siberian ice.
• in 2016, a boy was killed and twenty others infected by anthrax released when retreating permafrost exposed the frozen carcass of a reindeer killed by the bacteria at least seventy-five years earlier.
• Global warming will scramble those ecosystems, meaning it will help disease trespass those limits.
• Yellow fever is just one of the plagues that will be carried by mosquitoes as they migrate.
• Zika may also be a good model of a second worrying effect — disease mutation.
• Malaria thrives in hotter regions.
• Disease cases from mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas have tripled in the U.S. over just the last thirteen years.
• Winter ticks helped drop the moose population by 58 percent in a single decade.
• A whole new universe of diseases humans have never before known to even worry about.
• The planet could harbor more than a million yet-to-be-discovered viruses.
• Saiga — the adorable, dwarflike antelope, native to central Asia. In May 2015, nearly two-thirds of the global population died in the span of just days due to Pasteurella multocida, which suddenly proliferated, emigrated to the bloodstream, and from there to the animals’ liver, kidneys, and spleen.

Economic Collapse

• Fossil capitalism is the idea that recent economic growth, which began somewhat suddenly in the eighteenth century, is not the result of innovation or the dynamics of free trade, but simply our discovery of fossil fuels and all their raw power — a onetime injection.
• We tend to believe we’ve invented our way out of that endless zero-sum , scratch-and-claw resource scramble.
• The timeline of growth is just about perfectly consistent with the burning of fossil fuels.
• Economists Solomon Hsiang and Marshall Burke and Edward Miguel say every degree Celsius of warming reduces growth, on average, by about one percentage point.
• There is a 51 percent chance, this research suggests, that climate change will reduce global output by more than 20 percent by 2100.
• 12 percent chance that it lowers per capita GDP by 50 percent.
• The Great Depression dropped global GDP by about 15 percent.
• We’ve become so used to economic stability and reliable growth.
• There are places that benefit from global warming such as in the north, where warmer temperatures can improve agriculture and economic productivity.
• If productivity declines, small farms disappear and even large agribusinesses slip underwater.
• Then there is the economic cost of flooding.
• The is also a direct heat cost to growth, as there is to health.
• Train tracks warp due to heat, grounding of flights due to temperatures. 
• Every round-trip plane ticket from New York to London costs the Arctic three more square meters of ice.
• Heat waves have necessitated the closure of power plants around the world.
• The planet’s infrastructure was simply not built for climate change.
• Warmer temperatures dampen worker productivity.
• India and Pakistan will be hurt the most.
• In the U.S., costs will be shouldered largely in the South and Midwest. The United States is among the most well-positioned to endure.
• Should the planet warm 3.7 degrees, one assessment suggests, climate change damages could total $551 trillion — nearly twice as much wealth as exists in the world today.

Climate Conflict

• For every half degree of warming, they say, societies will see between a 10 and 20 percent increase in the likelihood of armed conflict.
• A planet four degrees warmer would have perhaps twice as many wars.
• Globally, there are nineteen ongoing armed conflicts hot enough to claim at least a thousand lives each year.
• Being the world’s policeman is quite a bit harder when the crime rate doubles.
• From Book Haram to ISIS to the Taliban to militant Islamic groups in Pakistan, drought and crop failure have been linked to radicalization.
• The relationship between climate change and conflict comes down to agriculture and economics. When yields drop and productivity falls, societies can falter, and when droughts and heat waves hit, the shocks can be felt even more deeply, electrifying political fault lines.
• Forced migration can result from those shocks, producing political and social instability.
• Throughout history, empires buckled, at least in part, by climate effects and events: Egypt, Akkadia, Rome.
• Most wars throughout history have been conflicts over resources, often ignited by resource scarcity , which is what an earth densely populated and denuded by climate change will yield.
• A study of 9,000 American cities found that air pollution levels positively predicted incidents of every single crime category.
• The Sicilian mafia was produced by drought.

“Systems”

• Hurricane Harvey produced at least 60,000 climate migrants in Texas, and Hurricane Irma forced the evacuation of nearly 7 million.
• Imagine next century, tens of millions of resettled Americans adapting to a ravaged coastline and a new geography for the country.
• The impacts will be greatest in the world’s least developed, most impoverished nations.
• More than 140 million people in just three regions of the world will be made climate migrants by 2050, according to the World Bank.
• Climate change may unleash as many as a billion migrants on the world by 2050.
• Historically, two-thirds of outbreaks of waterborne disease — illnesses smuggled into humans through algae and bacteria that can produce gastrointestinal problems — were preceded by unusually intense rainfall.
• Sudden rainfall shocks — both deluges and their opposite , droughts — can devastate agricultural communities economically, but also produce what scientists call “nutritional deficiencies” in fetuses and infants.
• Measurable declines in lifetime earnings for every day over ninety degrees during a baby’s nine months in utero.
• A study in Taiwan found, for every single unit of additional air pollution, the relative risk of Alzheimer’s doubled.
• There is much worry about bringing new children into a degraded world.
• Between a quarter and a half of all those exposed to extreme weather events will experience them as an ongoing negative shock to their mental health.
• Climate trauma is especially harsh in the young.
• Climate affects both the onset and the severity of depression.
• When it’s hotter out, psychiatric hospitals see spikes in proper inpatient admissions.
• Heat waves bring waves of other things, too: mood disorders, anxiety disorders, dementia.
• Global warming is already responsible for 59,000 suicides in India , many of them farmers.
• There remains so much we do not know about the way global warming affects the way we live today.

III. The Climate Kaleidoscope

Storytelling

• Hollywood is also trying to make sense of our changing relationship to nature ,
• Dramas of climate change are simply incompatible with the kinds of stories we tell ourselves about ourselves, which end in victory or hope. 
• In the rest of the world, where action on carbon is just as slow and resistance to real policy changes just as strong, denial is simply not a problem.
• Today, segments on the nightly news about extreme weather still rarely mention warming.
• A ban on plastic straws and attention to bee death tend to distract from the core issues.
• The arrival of this scale of climate suffering in the modern West will be one of the great and terrible stories of the coming decades.
• In the twenty-first century, markets will reflect the demands of the climate crisis: seawalls, carbon-capture plantations, state-sized solar arrays.
• The United States built two states of paradise: Florida, out of dismal swamp  and Southern California, out of desert, but neither will endure.
• 96% of the world’s mammals, by weight, are now humans and their livestock.
• There is no single way to best tell the story of climate change.
• In 2018, scientists at IPCC released a report. The thing that was new was the message: It is okay, finally, to freak out.

Crisis Capitalism

• “It is easier to imagine the end of the world than to imagine the end of capitalism.”
• Capitalism is endangered by climate.
• Western capitalism may owe its dominance to the power of fossil fuels.
• Global warming could cultivate emergent forms of eco-socialism.
• What kind of strategy to expect from the world’s money elite in a time of rolling ecological crisis? Look to Puerto Rico.
• One possibility is that the scramble for shrinking profits by the powerful will only intensify.
• Climate change will accelerate two trends already undermining that promise of growth: economic slowdown and income inequality.
• We see raging populism, on both left and right, sweeping Europe and the United States.
• William Nordhaus favors a carbon tax.
• Climate change predicts: disaster, drought, famine, war, global refugeeism and political disarray.
• Climate change promises economic slowdown and perhaps negative economic growth.
• Economic conditions worse than the Great Depression and not temporary but permanent. 
• The cost of adaptation is large: a decarbonized economy, a perfectly renewable energy system, a reimagined system of agriculture, rebuilt global infrastructure. 
• Negative emissions are, at this point, almost entirely theoretical.
• The natural alternative to negative emission technology, though adored by environmentalists, faces much stiffer obstacles, since it would require a third of the world’s farmable land.
• The carbon capture path would cost $ 300 trillion — or nearly four times total global GDP.

The Church of Technology

• Blind faith is one way of describing the worldview of many futurists. 
• “Posthumanity” or “transhumanism”, a new state of being, is close to universal among the Bay Area’s futurist vanguard.
• Peter Thiel is still investing in dubious eternal-youth programs and buying up land in New Zealand (where he might ride out social collapse on the civilization scale).
• Sam Altman, who has distinguished himself as a kind of tech philanthropist with a small universal-basic-income pilot project and recently announced a call for geoengineering proposals, is an investor in a brain-upload program
• Silicon Valley wants to engineer an eternal kind of existence, a technological rapture. 
• The world that would be left behind is the one being presently pummeled by climate change.
• There are also proposals to colonize other planets.
• The fantasy is to escape the body or transcend the world.
• Securing a backup ecosystem is a hedge against the possibility of collapse here, but a dramatically degraded environment here will still be much, much closer to livability than anything we might be able to hack out of the dry red soil of Mars.
• We have some of the solutions, but we just haven’t yet discovered the political will, economic might, and cultural flexibility to install and activate them.
• Cryptocurrency now produces as much CO2 each year as a million transatlantic flights.
• All of the new alternatives have to face off with the resistance of entrenched corporate interests and the status-quo bias of consumers who are relatively happy with the lives they have today.

Politics of Consumption

• We won’t get there through the dietary choices of individuals, but through policy changes.
• Eating organic is nice, but if your goal is to save the climate your vote is much more important.
• What kinds of politics are likely to evolve after the promise of capitalistic growth recedes? Zero-sum politics — tribalism at home and nationalism abroad and terrorism flaming out from the tinder of failed states.
• China has become a much more emphatic — or at least louder — green energy leader. But the incentives do not necessarily suggest it will make good on that rhetoric.
• India is expected to be, by far, the world’s most hard-hit country.
• China is in the opposite situation, its share of guilt four times as high as its share of the burden.
• U.S. was predicted to be hit second hardest.
• On the matter of climate change, China does hold nearly all the cards.
• The courses taken by India and the rest of South Asia, Nigeria and the rest of sub-Saharan Africa, matter enormously. But China is, at present, the largest of those nations.

History After Progress

• There is no good thing in the world that will be made more abundant, or spread more widely, by global warming. The list of the bad things that will proliferate is innumerable.
• Farming has existed for only about 12,000 years — an innovation that ended hunting and gathering, bringing about cities and political structures, and with them what we now think of as “civilization.”
• We are still, now, in much of the world, shorter, sicker, and dying younger than our hunter-gatherer forebears.
• The entire history of civilization looks less like an inevitable crescendo than like an anomaly.
• It is impossible to see clearly what will emerge from the clouds of uncertainty around global warming.
• If the planet reaches three or four or five degrees of warming, the world will be convulsed with human suffering.
• Civilizations have come and gone. Egyptians after the invasion of the Sea Peoples. Incas after Pizarro. Mesopotamians after the Akkadian Empire. Chinese after the Tang Dynasty. The experience of Europeans after the fall of Rome.

Ethics at the End of the World

• Anxiety and despair are already leeching into the way so many others think.
• The world has, at most, about three decades to completely decarbonize before truly devastating climate horrors begin.

IV. The Anthropic Principle

• Climate science has reluctantly arrived at this terrifying conclusion.
• How much will we do to stall disaster, and how quickly?
• We have all the tools we need: carbon tax and the political apparatus to aggressively phase out dirty energy; a new approach to agricultural practices and a shift away from beef and dairy in the global diet; and public investment in green energy and carbon capture.

Bottom Line: A leader has ultimate responsibility for the success or failure of an operation and should have extreme ownership of it. The laws of combat are: Cover and Move, Keep It Simple, Prioritize and Execute, and Decentralized Command.

INTRO

Leaders cast no blame. They make no excuses. Instead of complaining about challenges or setbacks, they develop solutions and solve problems. They leverage assets, relationships, and resources to get the job done.

Their own egos take a back seat to the mission and their troops.

Once people stop making excuses, stop blaming others, and take ownership of everything in their lives, they are compelled to take action to solve their problems.

Taking ownership for mistakes and failures is hard.

The principles of good leadership do not change.

Laws of Combat: Cover and Move, Simple, Prioritize and Execute, and Decentralized Command.

Without a team — a group of individuals working to accomplish a mission — there can be no leadership.

The only meaningful measure for a leader is whether the team succeeds or fails.

Effective leaders lead successful teams that accomplish their mission and win.

Often our mistakes provided the greatest lessons, humbled us, and enabled us to grow and become better.

The best leaders are not driven by ego or personal agendas .

How a junior leader was brought up depended entirely on the strength, experience, and patient guidance of a mentor.

Leadership training curriculum builds a strong foundation for all SEAL leaders.

It’s a myth that military leadership is easy because subordinates robotically and blindly follow orders.

Military personnel must believe in the plan they are asked to execute, and most importantly, they must believe in and trust the leader they are asked to follow.

Combat leadership requires getting a diverse team of people in various groups to execute highly complex missions in order to achieve strategic goals.

Extreme Ownership: Leaders must own everything in their world. There is no one else to blame.

PART I: WINNING THE WAR WITHIN

CH 1: EXTREME OWNERSHIP

In any organization, all responsibility for success and failure rests with the leader. The leader must own everything in his or her world. There is no one else to blame. The leader must acknowledge mistakes and admit failures, take ownership of them, and develop a plan to win.

If an individual on the team is not performing at the level required for the team to succeed, the leader must train and mentor that underperformer.

if the underperformer continually fails to meet standards, then a leader who exercises Extreme Ownership must be loyal to the team and the mission above any individual. If underperformers cannot improve, the leader must make the tough call to terminate them and hire others who can get the job done.

A leader, however, does not take credit for his or her team’s successes.

It is the direct responsibility of a leader to get people to listen, support, and execute plans. You can’t make people do those things You have to lead them.

it was almost always the leaders’ attitudes that determined whether their SEAL units would ultimately succeed or fail.

The team sees Extreme Ownership in their leaders, and , as a result, they emulate Extreme Ownership throughout the chain of command down to the most junior personnel.

CH 2: NO BAD TEAMS, ONLY BAD LEADERS

One of the most fundamental and important truths at the heart of Extreme Ownership: there are no bad teams, only bad leaders.

Leadership is the single greatest factor in any team’s performance.

Leaders must accept total responsibility, own problems that inhibit performance, and develop solutions to those problems.

When it comes to standards, as a leader, it’s not what you preach, it’s what you tolerate.

If substandard performance is accepted and no one is held accountable, if there are no consequences, that poor performance becomes the new standard.

Leaders must enforce standards.

Leaders must pull the different elements within the team together to support one another.

Once a culture of Extreme Ownership is built into the team at every level, the entire team performs well, and performance continues to improve.

Every team must have junior leaders ready to step up.

The best teams anywhere, like the SEAL Teams, are constantly looking to improve, add capability, and push the standards higher.

This thinking starts with the leader and continues until this becomes the culture, the new standard.

CH 3: BELIEVE

A leader must be a true believer in the mission.

A resolute belief in the mission is critical for any team or organization to win.

If frontline leaders and troops understand why, they can move forward, fully believing in what they are doing.

Take the time to explain and answer the questions of the junior leaders.

Frontline troops never have as clear an understanding of the strategic picture as senior leaders might anticipate.

Belief in the mission ties in with the fourth Law of Combat: Decentralized Command. The leader must explain not just what to do, but why.

CH 4: CHECK THE EGO

Discipline starts with the little things: high-and-tight haircuts, a clean shave every day, and uniforms maintained.

Ego clouds and disrupts everything.

Often, the most difficult ego to deal with is your own.

When personal agendas become more important than the team and the overarching mission’s success, performance suffers and failure ensues.

Extreme Ownership requires checking your ego and operating with a high degree of humility.

Admitting mistakes, taking ownership, and developing a plan to overcome challenges are integral to any successful team.

Ego can prevent a leader from conducting an honest, realistic assessment of his or her own performance and the performance of the team.

We strive to be confident , but not cocky.

PART II: THE LAWS OF COMBAT

CH 5: COVER AND MOVE

Cover and Move: it is the most fundamental tactic.

Cover and Move means teamwork.

Departments and groups within the team must break down silos, depend on each other and understand who depends on them.

Leaders must continually keep perspective on the strategic mission and remind the team that they are part of the greater team and the strategic mission is paramount.

Each member of the team is critical to success.

If the overall team fails, everyone fails, even if a specific member or an element within the team did their job successfully.

Pointing fingers and placing blame on others contributes to further dissension between teams and individuals.

Individuals and teams must find a way to work together, communicate with each other, and mutually support one another.

Focus must always be on how to best accomplish the mission.

When the team succeeds, everyone within and supporting that team succeeds.

Accomplishing the strategic mission is the highest priority.

CH 6: SIMPLE

Simplifying as much as possible is crucial to success.

Plans and orders must be communicated in a manner that is simple, clear, and concise.

Frontline troops need to ask questions that clarify when they do not understand the mission or key tasks to be performed.

Simplicity is key. If the plan is simple enough, everyone understands it, which means each person can rapidly adjust and modify what he or she is doing.

If the plan is too complex, the team can’t make rapid adjustments to it, because there is no baseline understanding of it.

Standard operating procedures should always kept as simple as possible .

CH 7: PRIOTIZE AND EXECUTE

A leader must remain calm and make the best decisions possible.

Prioritize and Execute.

Relax, look around, make a call.

When overwhelmed, fall back upon this principle: Prioritize and Execute.

Stay at least a step or two ahead with contingency planning.

Through careful contingency planning, a leader can anticipate likely challenges that could arise during execution and map out an effective response to those challenges before they happen.

If the team has been briefed and understands what actions to take through such likely contingencies, the team can then rapidly execute when those problems arise, even without specific direction from leaders.

It is crucial for leaders to pull themselves off the firing line, step back, and maintain the strategic picture.

Senior leaders must help subordinate team leaders within their team prioritize their efforts.

Evaluate the highest priority problem. Then develop and determine a solution. Then direct the execution of that solution. Then move on to the next highest priority problem. Then repeat.

Don’t let the focus on one priority cause target fixation. Maintain the ability to see other problems developing and rapidly shift as needed.

CH 8: DECENTRALIZED COMMAND

Human beings are generally not capable of managing more than six to ten people.

Teams must be broken down into manageable elements of four to five operators, with a clearly designated leader.

Leaders must understand the overall mission and the Commander’s Intent.

Junior leaders must be empowered to make decisions.

Teams within teams are organized for maximum effectiveness.

Every tactical-level team leader must understand not just what to do but why they are doing it.

Junior leaders must fully understand what is within their decision-making authority.

Tactical leaders must be confident that they clearly understand the strategic mission and Commander’s Intent.

Situational awareness: senior leaders must communicate constantly to their subordinates.

When leaders try to take on too much themselves, there is chaos.

The fix is to empower frontline leaders through Decentralized Command and ensure they are running their teams to support the overall mission, without micromanagement from the top.

Battlefield aloofness: leaders who are so far removed from the troops executing on the frontline that they become ineffective.

Leaders must be free to move to where they are most needed, which changes throughout the course of an operation.

Understanding proper positioning as a leader is a key component of effective Decentralized Command.

In chaotic, dynamic, and rapidly changing environments, leaders at all levels must be empowered to make decisions.

Decentralized Command is a key component to victory.

PART III: SUSTAINING VICTORY

CH 9: PLAN

What’s the mission? Planning begins with mission analysis.

Leaders must identify clear directives for the team.

Once leaders themselves understand the mission, they can impart this knowledge to their key leaders and frontline troops tasked with executing the mission.

A broad and ambiguous mission results in lack of focus, ineffective execution, and mission creep.

The mission must be carefully refined and simplified so that it is explicitly clear and specifically focused to achieve the greater strategic vision for which that mission is a part.

The mission must explain the overall purpose and desired result.

Frontline troops tasked with executing the mission must understand the deeper purpose behind the mission.

The Commander’s Intent is actually the most important part of the brief.

Leaders must delegate the planning process down the chain as much as possible to key subordinate leaders.

Tactical-level leaders must have ownership of their tasks.

Giving the frontline troops ownership of even a small piece of the plan gives them buy in, helps them understand the reasons behind the plan, and better enables them to believe in the mission, which translates to far more effective implementation and execution.

Th senior leader supervises the entire planning process but must be careful not to get bogged down in the details.

Once the detailed plan has been developed, it must then be briefed to the entire team and all participants and supporting elements.

Leaders must prioritize the information to be presented in as simple, clear, and concise a format as possible.

The planning and briefing must be a forum that encourages discussion, questions, and clarification.

Leaders must ask questions of their troops to ensure understanding of the plan.

The test for a successful brief is simple: Do the team and the supporting elements understand it?

Detailed contingency plans help manage risk.

We conduct what we called a post-operational debrief after each combat operation to see what worked and what didn’t work and help improve future planning.

Planning must be standardized so that it can be repeatable and guide users with a checklist.

A leader’s checklist for planning:
Analyze the mission.
Identify personnel, assets, resources, and time available.
Decentralize the planning
Determine a specific (simple, if possible) course of action.
Empower key leaders to develop the plan for the selected course of action.
Plan for likely contingencies.
Mitigate risks.
Delegate portions of the plan and brief to key junior leaders.
Continually check and question the plan.
Brief the plan to all participants and supporting assets.
Conduct post – operational debrief after execution.
Establishing an effective and repeatable planning process is critical to the success of any team . ”

CH 10: LEADING UP AND DOWN THE CHAIN OF COMMAND

It is paramount that senior leaders explain to their junior leaders and troops executing the mission how their role contributes to big picture success.

Leaders must routinely communicate with their team members to help them understand their role in the overall mission.

Frontline leaders and troops can then connect the dots between what they do every day and how that impacts the company’s strategic goals.

This understanding helps the team members prioritize their efforts in a rapidly changing, dynamic environment.

It requires regularly stepping out of the office and personally engaging in face-to-face conversations with direct reports and observing the frontline troops in action to understand their particular challenges and read them into the Commander’s Intent.

The team must understand why they are doing what they are doing.

CH 11: DECISIVENESS AMID UNCERTAINTY

In order to succeed, leaders must be comfortable under pressure, and act on logic, not emotion.

Leaders cannot be paralyzed by fear .

It is critical for leaders to act decisively amid uncertainty.

There is no 100 percent right solution.

Waiting for the 100 percent right and certain solution leads to delay, indecision, and an inability to execute.

CH 12: DISCIPLINE EQUALS FREEDOM

Discipline starts every day when the first alarm clock goes off in the morning. I say “first alarm clock” because I have three – one electric, one battery powered, one windup. If you are mentally weak for that moment and you let that weakness keep you in bed, you fail.

Discipline was really the difference between being good and being exceptional.

The best SEALs had the most discipline. They worked out every day. They studied tactics and technology. They practiced their craft.

Although discipline demands control and asceticism, it actually results in freedom.

The more disciplined standard operating procedures (SOPs) a team employs, the more freedom they have to practice Decentralized Command.

Instead of making us more rigid and unable to improvise, the discipline of an SOP actually made us more flexible, more adaptable, and more efficient. It allowed us to be creative.

When things went wrong and the fog of war set in, we fell back on our disciplined procedures.

The balance between discipline and freedom must be found and carefully maintained.

Leaders who lose their temper also lose respect.

Confident but never cocky.

Brave but not foolhardy.

Competitive spirit but also be gracious losers.

Attentive to details but not obsessed by them.

Humble but not passive.

Quiet but not silent.

Leaders know to pace themselves and their teams so that they can maintain a solid performance indefinitely.

Leaders admit mistakes and failures.

Leaders are close with subordinates but not too close .

Leaders understand the motivations of their team members

Leaders exercise Extreme Ownership and also Decentralized Command.

Leaders take care of the team and look out for their long-term interests.

The Big Idea: For small volumes of water storage, use ferrocement if you can and plastic if you cannot. For large volumes of water storage, use ponds if you can and ferrocement if you cannot.

Design Principles

1. Lease as much of the water work as possible to nature.
2. Divert water just after evaporation or soil has naturally purified it.
3. Divert water higher than the point of storage and points of use.
4. Conserve pressure in the plumbing.
5. Use adequately, but not excessively, sized pipe.
6. Design to extract benefit from other attributes of your water.
7. Rigorously confine materials that are incompatible with natural cycles. 
8. Intervene as little as possible.
9. Use appropriate technology.
10. Practice moderate and efficient resource use. Context is everything.

Book Notes

• Going from 99% water availability to 99.5% doubles the financial and environmental cost.
• People in industrialized society with running water use about 100 gallons a day. People who have to carry water use about 10 gallons a day.
• Well-designed water storage can actually increase water quality over time. 
• Poorly designed water storage can have many problems: algae growth, bacteria, leaks, sediment buildup, leached carcinogens.
• Try to avoid chlorine to disinfect drinking water as there are carcinogenic byproducts.
• UV light is an ideal disinfectant.
• Nothing beats commercial water quality tests, but you can do dome DIY testing for turbidity, flow, dissolved solids, elevation, general bacteria, and fecal coliform bacteria. 
• 5 ways to store water: none (direct from natural water source), store in soil, store in aquifers, store in ponds, store in tanks. 
• Store in soil: divert water to be soaked up by the soil, where it can be absorbed by plant roots.
• How to increase the amount of water in your aquifer: take out less water, slow down rainwater runoff, detain water in infiltration basins, infiltrate water through creek beds and riverbeds.
• Aquifers recharge naturally through rainwater, but over drafting groundwater can lead to drafting fossil groundwater that has been stored for millions of years. 
• Chemicals and toxins seep into the soil and contaminate groundwater. 
• Storing water in ponds is cheap but open to contamination and exposed to evaporation.
• Three types of man-made ponds: storage ponds, living ponds, runoff harvesting ponds.
• Water tanks are the most common way to store water. 
• To increase water pressure, put the tank on a hill, make a water tower, use a small pressure tank, put a tank on your roof.
• With your tank at roof height, your appliances will barely work. With your tank 10 stories high, your washing machine, water purifier, and water heater will start to work.
• You can install a booster pump just for fire safety. 
• Tubs and kitchen need flow, not high water pressure. 
• Burying water storage tanks can have some advantages but also many disadvantages. 
• If harvesting rainwater, carefully calculate usage (output) and rainfall (input) to size your water tank.
• The classic tank shape (cylindrical, height = diameter) is usually the way to go.
• Ferrocement tanks are a great option for tank construction for a permanent tank.
• HDPE is the preferred plastic for water tank.
• EPDM is the best artificial pond liner.
• Galvanized steel with plastic membrane is a newer but promising technology.
• Food-grade IBC totes can also be used for small water tanks.
• A plastic tank, then encased in masonry for shade and protection is a high-performance, lifetime tank.
• The earth under the tank should be compacted and free of rocks. Drainage should be away from the tank. 
• For small volumes, DIY ferrocement and plastic tanks are the most cost-effective. For large volumes, ponds are the most cost-effective. 
• A pressure tank provides water pressure but requires continuous power. Larger pressure tanks can provide more reserves.
• Be sure to critter-proof the tank from mosquitoes, rodents, and other critters. 
• Keep out the sun to prevent algae. Metal and masonry completely block out light. 
• Paint your tank white to reflect sunlight and keep the tank cooler. 
• Take measures (insulation, south-facing, partial-burying) to keep the tank from freezing in the winter.
• To protect your agricultural land against fires, use fire-safe landscaping, occasional managed fires, robust water systems, fire-proof building materials like metal and concrete

The Big Idea: start businesses in emerging markets where there is much less competition.

• I decided to visit the small Eastern European country of Estonia.
• People who build successful businesses — are driven by circumstances and then led by opportunity. As an entrepreneur , you must be first and foremost an optimist. Being a successful entrepreneur requires three things: vision, leadership, and a team.
• In the beginning, I had no vision. I was taking steps along a path, like wandering around a map. But once I had the vision of what I really wanted to do, everything became easy.
• Faith is contagious.
• Leaders commit and make decisions.
• Until one is committed, there is hesitancy, the chance to draw back, always ineffectiveness. Now is the best time to start.  Don’t procrastinate.
• Your venture doesn’t need to be perfect at the start.
• Try things quickly to see what works and what doesn’t. In the beginning, it’s easy to make mistakes. Early mistakes don’t cost much. Writing and storytelling are powerful tools and key skills for anyone who wants to build a company.
• A plane spends 95 percent of its flight off its charted course.
• Like that pilot, you need to course correct . When you write something down over and over, it gets clarified. Effectively sharing your dream with other people is critical to building the right team.
• Ask for help. It’s the single most important thing you can learn to do in life.
• Not knowing something means you have to start at the beginning. That’s a good thing. Not knowing forces you to ask questions.
• Do ask for advice. Your job is knowing what questions to ask and finding people who know the answers.
• To succeed at anything, you need a team behind you, carrying out your visions and plans and executing.
• Find the right people to support you.
• Reward your team and build camaraderie through work and play.
• Managers implement systems. Good managers get the most out of people and processes. 
• Make a habit of brainstorming.
• One day you will grab the right idea that fits the place you’re at . Ultimately, the key is not the million-dollar idea but the million-dollar execution.
• The execution is the single most important aspect of success in any business. Since execution is the single most important ingredient for success, you better make sure you have the staff to make it happen. 
• Hire people who want to work hard, and reward them. Create a vertical ladder of opportunities for your employees, and train them relentlessly. Pay them well and earn their loyalty.
• Debt by its very nature is cheaper than equity .
• Equity is the dearest thing, and it’s expensive. Don’t give it away. There’s no substitute for tracking your income and expenses personally.
• People will be drawn to you because of your brand.
• Identify the aspect of your business that uniquely identifies you and distinguishes you from the rest of the market.
• To most investors and entrepreneurs outside the continent, Africa is still a virgin market and a dangerous place.
• What is really lacking in Africa is a knowledge base of business skills. As I continue to read more about Africa and meet with people, I see huge similarities between the former Soviet Union countries and the continent of Africa.
• When you are thinking about a business or sector to launch in, look for a market or opportunity where competition is lacking.
• Blue sky means a market or opportunity where you are free to create and explore before everyone else catches up. Hot markets are tempting. They look promising and always seem easy to enter.
• A hot market is both crowded and competitive.
• You will have far more success opening a cool fast food taco stand in Ghana than in London or New York .

The Big Idea: Bill Belichick built a dynasty around on a culture of accountability, continuous improvement, strategic flexibility, and detailed preparation.

Part 1: Culture

• “Do your job” is the New England Patriots mission statement.
• The goal is to improve on a daily basis, work hard, pay attention to the little details, and put the team first.
• Belichick makes sure that the goals set out are achievable.
• Work as hard at it as we can and improve on a daily basis.
• Emphasis on individual performance in a team setting creates a feedback loop that raises the performance of the entire team.
• Without having to worry about the next person, each individual player is able to put their complete focus, dedication, and effort into their own task, which raises the performance of the entire team.
• No one will be willing to follow someone who isn’t competent at their own job.
• There are many types of leadership styles.
• It’s impossible to deal with everyone on an individual basis on a daily basis so Belichick relies upon managers and department heads to keep him informed.
• Having the right people as captains was critical.
• Belichick strives to make sure that the right people are in the right positions.
• Players on the team vote for the team captains ,
• Players buy into the Patriots’ culture due to Belichick addressing any problems quickly.
• Hold people accountable for their actions.
• Belichick views self-evaluation and holding each player accountable as a key part of his coaching strategy.
• The only way for us as a team to get a championship level is to continue to evaluate ourselves, and we have to look at what we’ve done and critically analyze ourselves.
• We can’t hire a consultant to come in and fix our problems.
• The only way for us to get better is to do our own R & D.
• Everyone in the organization must study, learn, and strive to get better.
• Everyone must have an open mindset and be willing to learn and be evaluated.
• Willingness to accept feedback comes with “a certain amount of humility.”
• Understand that mistakes are not fatal. Only by addressing the problem can things improve.

Part 2: Preparation

• Bill Belichick’s father was also a football coach and collected an extensive library of football books.
• Four hundred and thirteen books served as the foundation of Bill Belichick’s football knowledge.
• Belichick insists “Bill Walsh: Finding the Winning Edge: is the greatest piece of football literature regarding a franchise blueprint ever written.
• He is constantly adding to his expertise by finding new information and ideas to win football games.
• He doesn’t care where the ideas come from, or who offers the ideas.
• During staff meetings with his coaches, he first asks his staff for their ideas and suggestions.
• He’s not so full of himself that he won’t listen and tap into any source for an edge.
• Belichick extensive use of analytics is one of his primary competitive strategies.
• The work ethic of Bill Belichick is legendary.
• They know there are nights when Belichick sleeps at Gillette.
• When everyone else is sleeping, or tweeting, or playing Madden, or lounging around, Belichick is studying the game.
• One method that Belichick teaches his players is through the use of daily quizzes.
• No one commands a depth of knowledge quite like Belichick.
• Everyone is expected to study, regardless of their role on the team and how much playing time they are expected to have.
• These quizzes and intense preparation clearly pays off.
• For players who are unable to keep up, Belichick will quickly weed them out.
• When guys get there they either buy in immediately or they are so overwhelmed that they want out.
• With the ball on the one-yard line, the Seattle Seahawks threw a pass play that was intercepted by the Patriots’ Malcolm Butler. Butler, an undrafted free agent, was coached and prepared by Bill Belichick and told to be ready for that play.

Part 3: Performance

• How exactly does Belichick ignore the distractions? He places the entire organization’s focus on the next game.
• Belichick will refuse any interview that has to do with the past because he’s solely focused on the next game.
• Based on his knowledge and constant learning, Belichick is always innovating.
• Despite the heavy criticism for what was essentially the right call on 4th and 2, Belichick did not let the negative outcome affect his decision-making process and would make the same call again.
• If you know the history of the game, you understand that it’s a changing game.
• He isn’t afraid or held prisoner to a certain way of doing things because he knows that change is constant.
• Belichick realized that a faster tempo was becoming a competitive advantage.
• Belichick entire strategy of winning games is based upon exploiting and attacking the weakness of his opponent.
• The core tenets of Bill Belichick’s football program always will remain the same. Versatility is key. Do your job. Hide your weakness and attack their’s.
• Even at 63 years old and with four Super Bowl rings on his nightstand, he’s constantly seeking out new information and his plan of attack is evolving.
• By bringing in smart football players and combining it with his mental training, Belichick is able to create a smart, fast moving team.
• Belichick cross-trains his coaching assistants. Belichick trains his coaching staff to be able to coach both sides of the ball and to be able to move where needed.
• Unlike the many coaches who identify with a particular style or tree, Belichick isn’t locked into a singular ideology.
• Belichick’s greatness has never stemmed from a Big Idea — unless the Big Idea is the relentless application of many Little Ideas.

10 Keys to Success

1. Clearly define the roles of everyone in the organization.
2. Hold people accountable for their roles , and help them when they accept responsibility.
3. The most vocal person isn’t necessary the leader. Be on the lookout for people who are doing their job well in a quiet manner.
4. Improvement takes place on a daily basis.
5. You must take the time to learn about the larger trends in your industry.
6. The goal is to “move the football”, not prove that your way of doing things is the right way.
7. Use any source that can help you gain an advantage.
8. Your strategy must be tailored to your current situation. What worked in one situation will not necessary work in another situation.
9. Focus on the task at hand. Don’t get caught up in any distractions.
10. Control what you can. You can control your effort and your decision – making process. You cannot control results and outcomes.

The Big Idea: Apply lean production principles (Theory of Constraints) to software development. Reduce the work-in-progress to let developers concentrate on only one task at a time.

• Agile development with Kanban means creating a kanban board with tasks posted and a well-defined workflow.
• There are no milestones or sprints and there is minimal overhead.
• Inspired by lean operations, the focus is on a continuous flow of tasks (small batch sizes) throughout the process and on limiting Work-In-Process (WIP) of the bottleneck resource (developers), thereby keeping developers focused on deep-work and maximizing bottleneck throughput.
• 1. Backlog. The first bucket is Backlog. Put unlimited number of tasks here for later. Backlog should be continuously prioritized.
• 2. Breakdown. The second bucket is Breakdown. A product manager moves a task here for analysis. As part of the analysis, the product manager breaks tasks down into smaller tasks here.
• 3. Implement (WIP). The third bucket is Implement. A developer should only be working on one task at a time. Limiting WIP keeps the developer focused on deep-work.
• 4. Validate. The fourth bucket is Validate. A developer moves a task here when it’s complete. The product manager or a tester verifies the task is done.
• Standup meetings should be limited to discussing if anyone’s work is blocked and how to remove the block.
• Another variation is: 1. Pending (all todos, prioritized, ready for breakdown, added by PM) => 2. Ready (ready for implementation, added by PM) => 3. Implement (in-progress, added by engineering) => 4. Done (ready for validation, added by engineering) => 5. Validate (fully validated, added by PM/QA)
• Kanban is a natural fit for continuous deployment environments.
• For theoretical background: read up on Theory of Constraints.

THE BIG IDEA: To build a dream team, find independent thinkers from diverse backgrounds. Then ensure there is just enough tension to generate creative solutions but not so much tension that the team is dysfunctional.

INTRO

• Between 1960 and 1990 , the Soviet national hockey team won nearly every international match it played. It was one of the best sports teams of all time. The same Soviet players underperformed when split up in the NHL. Then Detroit Red Wings coach Scotty Bowman reunited them and they won the Stanley Cup again.
• Research shows, that for some tasks, individuals always outperform teams. But for hard things in work and life, for thing that require creativity and innovation, teams are required. 
• Humans are built for collaboration. There’s science behind this kind of magic that results in magical teamwork.

CH 1: BUDDY COPS AND MOUNTAINTOPS

• The Pinkerton detective agency foiled a plot to assassinate Lincoln. A female detective Kate Karne provided the insight needed to save Lincoln. 
• Adding women to law enforcement improves performance not because they are smarter but because they add a different perspective that forces others to think differently.
• These two parts of our mental tool kit — perspective and heuristics — go hand in hand. Our teammate’s diverse heuristic allowed him to find a better solution .
• If you want innovation, put people with different specialties together. It helps prevent groupthink. 
• Dr. Scott Page, professor of “complex systems” says teams with diverse mental tool kits consistently outperform groups of “the best and the brightest.”
• Cognitive diversity is a key element of teams that exceed the sums of their parts.
• Routine problems don’t require much cognitive diversity, while novel problems benefit from it greatly.
• The more diverse the thinkers in a company’s higher ranks, especially its boardroom, the better a company performs.
• Cities with more immigrants from different parts of the world tend to produce more patents.
• This runs counter to the advice that we tend to get in many of our organizations. “Get more people like that on the bus!” “Let’s double down on our strengths!” “She’s not a culture fit!”

CH 2: TROUBLE IN SHAOLIN

• The merger of Daimler and Chrysler failed because they couldn’t resolve organizational cultural differences.
• Hip-hop was found on battles (rap battles) but Wu-Tang Clan was able to use friction to drive creativity and change music history.
• The Tension Zone is the zone in which there is enough tension to drive innovation but not enough tension to explode. 
• The Wright brothers would resolve arguments by taking turns arguing both sides. This helped decouple arguments from ego.
• Couples that know how to argue last the longest.
• Businesses that rank high in “innovation”—the ones that grow quickly and produce game-changing products and services—tend to encourage the airing and clashing of diverse viewpoints. Not just having differences, but speaking up.
• Companies that don’t innovate tend to make people follow a single, “approved” way of thinking.
• “Having a manager who ignores you is even more detrimental than having a manager who primarily focuses on your weaknesses.”
• When steel rubs against steel, it makes both blades sharper.

CH 3: THE MAGIC CIRCLE

• Argentina has one of the largest populations of Jews in the world. They are well-known for being friendly to Jews. Why? Because the culture encourages everyone to play soccer together. 
• Playing together resolves tension, breaks down barriers, and builds friendships.
• You can learn more about someone in an hour of play than in a year of talk.
• RZA’s rap battles were actually a kind of game that helped dissolve tension and keep driving creativity. 

CH 4: ANGELIC TROUBLEMAKERS

• Picasso’s most productive years as a painter was when he was living with a girlfriend who pushed him out of his comfort zone.
• Cognitive entrenchment is when our brains become inflexible because of certain habits and heuristics. These habits and heuristics that are useful in prior situations are no longer useful. 
• The longer people work together, the more similar their work styles tend to become. The business world often calls them “best practices,” but psychologists correctly call them “groupthink.” If we’re not aware of them, they can stifle innovation and peak performance.
• In Dream Teams, there is often a teammate who can give us a nudge away from groupthink. 
• For developing new insights, it’s often more helpful to study the extremes (outliers) instead of studying the typical (focus groups.) Eg. Dominatrix-for-hire and comfortable shoes. (Tim Ferriss: but ignore those who are an outlier bc of natural ability or a head start.) 
• Dr. Charlan Nemeth of UC Berkeley spent her career studying the science of human influence. Having a naysayer in the group made the rest of the group think harder. Dissenters stimulate the kinds of thought processes that lead to progress.

CH 5: THE BLACK SQUARE

• Sometimes bad ideas can be useful because a bad idea can be very good at pointing us in a new direction.
• Eg. International Dome Symposium in Winooski, the painting The Black Square in Moscow
• Provocation spurs us to action.
• Cognitive expansion happens when we add cognitively diverse people to our team and pay attention to them.
• Dissent helps groups think harder about problems together.
• Many of our most successful modern companies — from Apple to Airbnb — seemed like bad ideas in the beginning.

CH 6: WELCOME TO PIRATELAND

• Shared values are long-term. Shared goals are short-term. 
• Companies who talk about shared values a lot will tend to unify their people quickly and effectively. They have low turnover and relatively stable businesses.
• Values that are too strict and cult-like will tend to stifle dissent, stifle innovation, and stagnate a company.
• Some organizations try to combat stifling values by making “creativity” and “experimentation” values themselves.
• Superordinate goals can get different people to work together. Play and humor can depressurize groups that have too much tension between them.
• Values are not created equal.  Values that help us include different kinds of people and ideas are the kinds of values we want our teams to share.
• Eg. Battle of New Orleans, Rattlers vs Eagles, Built to Last companies.

CH 7: WHEN MALCOLM CHANGED HIS MIND

• People who are open-minded are more likely to consider creative solutions and to innovate.
• What does it take for humans to become open-minded?
• The answer is something psychologists call “intellectual humility.”
• How do you increase open-minded and intellectual humility?
• People who travel become better at  “idea flexibility” or being able to solve problems. They are more open-minded.
• People who actually live in foreign places are even more likely to have high intellectual humility than those who just visit.
• Dr. Galinsky and his colleagues found that graduate students who had lived abroad were more likely to consider out-of-the-box solutions to problems in group projects.
• Neuroscientists find that multilingual people’s brains do look physically different. 
• Eg. Malcolm X’s transformation after his pilgimage to Mecca.
• Eg. Saul the Christian persecutor became Paul the Christian apostle.

CH 8: OXYTOCIN, A LOVE STORY

• Stories have power. Stories can activate oxytocin and empathy, or they can turn on primal fear .
• Stories Asians told others about themselves helped change their position in America. Eg. George Takei and Bruce Lee.
• Stories Hollywood told about gays generated oxytocin + empathy and helped increase acceptance of gays in America.
• Anytime people experience character-driven stories, their brains pump out more oxytocin .
• Positive social encounters release oxytocin — things like hugs , acts of kindness , and emotional stories .
• Every one of the world’s greatest sports dynasties had something surprising in common: their players, and in particular their team captains, had a whole lot of humility.
• This isn’t just humility; it’s intellectual humility. It requires being open to and willing to change when change is hard.
• People who read a book or more per month, the data shows, are significantly more likely to be have intellectual humility. 
• Readers experience more stories, have more empathy, and are more open-minded and have more intellectually humility. 

DREAM TEAMS CHEAT SHEET

• Recruit for “culture add” not “culture fit.”
• Recruit for ability to elevate team, rather than for individual stats.
• Determine team members’ dimensions of internal and external differences that could lead to productive tension and innovation. 
• Make sure everyone on the team knows each other’s “superpowers” or unique abilities.
• Use play and humor to depressurize group tension.
• Give explicit permission (or even rewards) for dissent and productive criticism.
• Have team members get to know each other’s stories.
• Debate instead of brainstorm; when necessary, switch sides of the debate.
• Speak candidly.
• It’s the leader’s job to make sure tension does not get personal.
• Seek diverse sources of information.
• Develop and prioritize curiosity.
• Pay attention to outsiders, weirdos, and far-out ideas.
• When possible, rally teams around superordinate goals.
• Celebrate the uniqueness of the subgroups within the organization.
• Allow subgroup members to have their own values.
• Create unique rituals that the organization can do together to bond.
• Spend significant time immersing yourself in places with cultures different.
• Learn a language.
• Read more books.